List of heads of state of the Soviet Union

The Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, and the earlier office as Chairman of the Central Executive Committee (CEC) (reorganised in 1938) of the Congress of Soviets, had primarily only ceremonial powers.[1] While the head of state had many de jure powers, it had very little de facto ones. In the 1918 Constitution the Central Executive Committee, chaired by the head of state, had the power to determine what matters of income and taxation would go to the state budget and what would go to the local Soviets. The CEC could also limit taxes.[2] In periods between convocations of the Congress of Soviets the CEC held "supreme power".[3] In between sessions of the Congress of Soviets the CEC was responsible for all the affairs of the Congress of Soviets.[4] The CEC and the Congress of Soviets was replaced by the Presidium and the Supreme Soviet by several amendments to the 1936 constitution in 1938.[5]

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